Metallurgical LAB Formulas And Solution Preparations :
LAB Formulas :
1. To Calculate Manganese (Mn) :
Mn = BR x 1.666 x N
where BR = Burret Readings & N = Normality
2. To Calculate Manganese Oxide (MnO) :
MnO = BR x 1.666 x 1.29 x N
where BR = Burret Readings & N = Normality
3. To Calculate Silica (Si) :
Si = [Weight diffence x 100 ] x 0.47 / Weight Of Sample taken
Where
Wt. diffence = Weight(Wt.) Of Sample in crucible (after fusion) - Empty Wt. of crucible
4. To Calculate Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) :
SiO2 = [Weight diffence x 100 ] / Wt. Of Sample taken
5. To Calculate Iron (Fe) :
Fe = BR x 5.58 x N of K2Cr2O7 (hexa family)
Where
BR = Burrte Readings, N = Normality
4.1. To Calculate FericOxide (FeO) :
FeO = Fe x 1.29
4.2. To Calculate (Fe2O3)
Fe2O3=Fe x 1.43 OR
Fe2O3=FeO x 1.111
6. To Calculate Phosphorus (P) :
Phosphorous (P) = [ ( Blank - B.R. ) * 0.001354 * N * 100 ] / Wt.Of Sample taken
Note : P € 1/Si ( P is inversly propotional to Si) i.e. "If Si increases then P decreases and vice versa."
Examples : In Mn,
If Si=14% then P=0.30+-2% (may be)
If Si=15% then P=0.29 +-2% (may be)
If Si=16% then P=0.28 +-2% (may be)
(when carben is lower say 1.8, then Si is higher i.e.above 16% )
7. To Calculate Carbon (C) :
Carbon ( C ) formula for 1gm using 1ml scale of Burret :
C = (BR.II - BR.I) x Weight factor x Scale Factor * PTF Factor /10
where
BR.I = Burret Reading 1.(Initial)
BR.II = Burret Reading 2.(After)
Weight factor = 1gm / Weight of sample taken
Scale Factor = 1ml/ Burret Scale used.
PTF (Pressure Temprature Factor) Commanly taken as 0.9
Convertion of C formula for different gms taken using differnt scale of Burret
Example:
7.1 : C formula for 1gm sample using 1ml scale of Burret :
First we calculate :
Weight factor = 1gm / Weight of sample taken as 1gm = 1gm / 1gm = 1
Scale Factor = Scale factor for 1ml/ Burret Scale 1ml used. = 1ml/ 1ml = 1
So C Formulas becomes as :
C (0.1gm smpl) = [ (BR.II-BR.I) x PTF Factor ]/10
7.2 : C formula for 0.2gm sample using 0.1ml scale of Burret :
First we calculate :
Weight factor = 1gm / Weight of sample taken as 0.1 = 1gm /0.2gm = 5
Scale Factor = Scale factor for 1ml/ Burret Scale 0.1ml used. = 1ml/ 0.1ml = 10
So C Formulas becomes as :
C (0.1gm smpl) = [ (BR.II-BR.I)x 5 x 10 x PTF Factor ]/10
7.3 : C formula for For 0.2 gm sample, using 1ml scale of Burret :
First we calculate :
Weight factor = 1gm / Weight of sample taken as 0.1 = 1gm /0.2gm = 5
Scale Factor = Scale factor for 1ml/ Burret Scale 1ml used. = 1ml/ 1ml = 1
So C Formulas becomes as :
C (0.2gm smpl) = [ (BR.II-BR.I)x 5 x PTF Factor ]
7.4 : Other C formulas given by writer :
C% = [ (b ml) Co2 of unknown sample x P% Carbon of std.sample] / (a ml) Co2 of std. sample %
where
P= std. Sample which contain P% Carbon produces (a ml) Co2
b= unknown Sample which contain X% Carbon produces b ml Co2
C%=[ (BRII-BRI) Co2 of unknown sample x P% Carbon of std.sample)/(BRII-BRI) Co2 of std. sample ] %
8. To Calculate Calcium Oxide (CaO) :
CaO = BR.1 * 1.12
9. To Calculate Magnesium Oxide (MgO) :
MgO = (BR.2 - BR.1) *0.8
10. To Calculate Calcium Oxide & Magnesium Oxide in Ore by Loss of Ignition Method (CaO + MgO) :
CaO+MgO in ore by Loss Of Ignition ( LOI) At 900 degree centigrade for 1hr :
Wt.I = Empty Weight(Wt.)
Wt.II = Wt.of Sample(say 1gm)
Wt.III = Wt. of Sample after 1hr.
Volatile Materials (VM) = (Wt.II - Wt.III) x 100
CaO+MgO in ore = VM x 1.09
11. To Calculate CaCo3 :
CaCo3 = 1.78 x CaO
12. To Calculate MgCo3 :
MgCo3 = 2.10 x MgO
13. To Calculate Basicity of slag :
Basicity =(CaO+MgO)/SiO2
Slag Viscosity Notes :
Slag Viscosity is inversly propotional to CaO+MgO
Slag Viscosity € 1/(CaO+MgO)
When Slag Viscosity increases, then CaO+MgO decreases & vice versa
If slag Viscocity increases then Slag % is low.
If slag% is low then SiO2 high and MnO low
If SiO2 high and MnO low then add 4% SiO2 or Al2O3
If Viscocity decreases then Slag % high If Slag % high then SiO2 low & MnO high If SiO2 low & MnO high then decreases 4% SiO2 or Al2O3
14. To Calculate Moisture & Volatile Meterials :
COKE/COAL Formulas :
Wt.I = Empty Weight(Wt.)
Wt.II = Wt.of Sample(say 1gm)
Wt.III = Wt. of Sample after 1hr.
14.1 : To Calculate Coke/ Coal Moisture
MOISTURE = [ (Wt.II - Wt.III) x 100 ] / Wt.Of Sample taken
Note : If Moisture in sample increases then VM increases
14.2 : To Calculate Coke/ Coal Volatile Material :
Volatile Materials (VM) = (Wt.II - Wt.III) x 100
14.3 : To Calculate Coke/ Coal Ash :
ASH=(Wt.III - Wt.I)x100
14.4 : To Calculate Coke/ Coal FC :
FC = 100 - ( VM + ASH )
15. To Calculate Lab Atomic weights :
Atomic Wt. :
Al=27, Au=196.96, Ag=107.86,
C = 12, Ca = 40, Cl = 35.45, Cr = 52, Cu = 63.54,
Fe=55.84, Hg=200.59, K=39,
Mn = 55, Mg = 24,
N = 14, Na = 22.98,
O =16,
P=30.97,
S = 32.06, Si = 28.08, Sn =118.69,
Th = 232.038, Zn = 65.37
Calculations of Atomic and molecular weights :
CaCO3 = Ca+C+(Ox3)
CaCo3 = 40+12+(16x3)=100
CaO = 40+16=56
Ratio of molecular Weight :
CaCo3/CaO=100/56=1.785
CaCo3=CaO x 1.785
MgCo3/MgO=24+12+[3x6]/ (24+16) =84/40=2.10
PentaFamily :
KMnO4 =39+55+[16x4]=158/5=31.6gm/lit
HexaFamily :
K2Cr2O7=39x2 +52x2 +16x7=294/6=49gm/lit
16. To Calculate Normality :
Normality : N1V1=N2V2
16.1 : To Calculate 1N Normality of KMNO3 by Oxalic acid Solution :
N of KMNo3 by Oxalic acid
Oxalic acid (126.07g/mol)
126.07x0.5=gm/lit
for 0.1N : (126.07/2x1000)x0.1=0.0063gm/ml
=0.63gm/100ml
=0.1576 gm/25ml
For 0.1N KmNo3 solution, 0.1576 gm oxalic acid taken for 25ml distilled water
16.2 : To Calculate 1N Normality of KMNO3 by DiSodium Oxilate Solution :
N of KMNo3 by DiSodium Oxilate
diSodium Oxilate for 25gm : 0.1675gm/25ml
For 0.1N KmNo3 solution, 0.1675 gm DiSodium Oxilate taken for 25ml distilled water
N=25/BR
16.3 : To Prepare 1N Nitric Acid(HNo3) :
Nitric acid mol. ratio : (63.01gm/mol)
1N HNo3 = 6.3ml HNo3 / liter of Distilled water
For 1N HNo3, take 6.3 ml HNo3 per liter of distil water &
Standarised it with std.Sodium Carbonate solution of 0.1N by using Methyl Orange (M.O.) Indicater (0.05gm M.O/100ml H2O)
16.4 : To Prepare 0.1N NaCo3 :
N/10 = 0.1N
0.1N NaCo3 = 0.53gms NaCo3 / liter of Distilled water
For 0.1N NaCo3, take 0.53 gms NaCo3 per liter of distil water &
Standerised it using Phenoptheline indicator.
16.5 : To Prepare 0.1 N NaOH :
0.1N NaOH = 04 gms NaOH / liter of Distilled water
For 0.1N NaOH, take 04 gms NaOH per liter of distil water &
Standerised it using Phenoptheline indicator.
16.6 : To Prepare 0.1N E.D.T.A :
0.1N EDTA = 03.72 gms EDTA / liter of Distilled water
For 0.1N EDTA, take 03.72 gms EDTA per liter of distil water.
17 : Reactions in Mn titration :
2KMnO4 + 3MnSo4 + 7H2O = 5H2MnO3 + K2So4 + 2H2So4
18 : Reactions in Ore :
MnO.SiO2 + 3C = MnSi + 3CO
19 : Reactions in Slag :
MnO.SiO2 + (CaO+MgO) = MnO +(CaO+MgO).SiO2
20 : Important Notes on Mn titration :
20.1 : 1ml of 0.1N KMNo4 =~ 0.001648 gm of Mn
20.2 : Boil water solution to remove free chlorine etc. Salts
20.3 : Add ZnO powder @90dc to react with Fe for settle down it's ppt. Add 2 tsp. Excess at bottom.
20.4 : Add 1:1 HNo3 drops for quick settle down the ppt of KMnO4 during titrations.
20.5 : Titration made quickly @ betwn 80 to 90dc. Temp. shd not below at 80dc. during titration. Also avoid boiling temp.100dc. while titrating because it destroyed permagnate colorations.
20.6 : Std. N Factor = std. Result/Actual result
21 : Important notes on Ore :
21.1 : India's South side ore's are SiO2 free OR 2% SiO2 Bounded with Mn. & P is low (0.6-0.1)
22.2 : India's Center side OR up side ore's SiO2 bonds with Mn (4 to 11%) & P increases as we goes to up side. In center side (P=0.15 to 0.25)
UpSide (P=0.25 to 0.45)
23 : To Calculate Water PPM (Part Per Million):
Part of CaCo3 powder Per Million part of water(P.P.M.)
PPM = ( CaCo3 Powder in mg / Water in ml * 10^6
where
10^6 ml = 1000,000 milligrams = 1000 grams = 1 liter
01 ppm = 01 part of CaCo3 mg 10^6 part of water ml.
01 ppm = 01 part of CaCo3 mg per liter of water.
01 ppm = 01mg./liter of water = 01mg. CaCo3 equavalent hardness in 01 liter water
1000 ppm = 1gms CaCo3 / liter
To calculate for required PPM solution, how much powder taken ? :
Example :
For 10000 ppm, how much gms of CaCo3 taken ?
Calculation :
For 1000 ppm we take 1gms CaCo3 / liter
1000 ppm : 1 gm :: 10000 ppm : ? gms Powder
1000 / 1 = 10000/? gms
? gms =10000 /1000 = 10gms CaCo3
For 10000 ppm, 10 gms of CaCo3 taken.
To prepare LAB SOLUTIONS :
24.1 : To prepare Battery acid :
Battery acid = 20% Sulfuric acid (H2So4)
Example :
1.25 liter Battery acid =
1 liter distilled water + 250 ml concentrate Sulfuric acid (H2So4)
24.2 : To prepare KmnO4 STOCK Solution :
1. Add 31gm. KmnO4 powder per 01 liter distill water.
2. Place on low heat on heater for 24 hours.
3. After 24 hrs. solution reduced. So remove from heater and cool it upto room temperature.
4. Make Up reduced solution to 01 liter by adding distill water
5. Filtered through GlassWool and Use as KmnO3 Stock solution
24.3 : To prepare 1N Kmno3 Solution from stock solution :
1N KmnO4 Solution = 100 ml Stock Solution per liter of distill water.
25 : To prepare 0.1N K2Cr2O7 Solution :
K2Cr2O7 = 0.004904 gm. / ml
0.1N K2Cr2O7 = 294.19 mol / gm / 6 * 0.1
26 : To prepare Fe Buffer Solution :
A) Take 700ml Distil Water and add 150ml Concentrating Sulfuric acid (H2So4 ) slowly without genrating heat in solution. If genrating heat increases then stop adding of H2So4 & Cool it. After completion of step by step adding of H2So4, cool & Chill it well. And then in this chilled solution, Add 150ml Orthophric slowly and cool it.
OR.
B) 710ml H2So4 + 490ml OrthoPhric
27 : To prepare HgCl2 Solution :
Take 60 gms. of HgCl2 powder and add 1 liter Distill water in it. Dissolve powder well.
28 : To prepare SnCl2 Solution :
1. Take 0.5gms. of SnCl2 powder And add it to 120 ml. of Distill Water.
2. Heat it upto 75 degree Celsius
3. Add 25ml Conc. Hydrochloric Acid (HCl). And 4-5 Tin Granuals. And cool it.
OR
1.Take 0.5gm. of SnCl2 powder and add 20ml HCl.
2. Heat it upto 75 degree Celsius .
3. Add 80ml.of Distill Water. And cool it.
29 : To prepare Molybdate Solution :
29.1 : Common Method :
50% Distill Water + 18.75% Nitric Acid(HNO3) + 25% NH4OH (35%ammonia + 65% Distill Water) + 6.25% Ammo. Molybdate.
29.2 : IS 1559 part4-1982 method :
A. Solution : Take 200ml Ammonium hydroxide NH4OH (35%ammonia + 65% Distill Water) & add 50gm Ammo. Molybdate.
B. Solution : In 400ml Distill Water, Mix step by step 400ml conc. Nitric acid(HNo3) slowly without generating temperature. If solution temperature increased then stop adding of HNo3 & cool it.& then continue adding HNo3.
C. Molybdate Solution : Add A. Solution in to B. Solution slowly with shaking.
29.3 : Lab method 1 :
A. Solution : Take 200ml Ammonium hydroxide NH4OH (35%ammonia + 65% Distill Water) & add 50gm Ammo. Molybdate.
B. Solution : In 400ml Distill Water, Mix step by step 150ml conc. Nitric acid(HNo3) slowly without generating temperature. If solution temperature increased then stop adding of HNo3 & cool it. & then continue adding HNo3.
C. Molybdate Solution : Add A. Solution in to B. Solution slowly with shaking.
29.3 : Lab method 2 :
A. Solution : Take Ammonium hydroxide NH4OH as (145 ml Ammonia + 270 ml Distill Water) & add 118gm Ammo. Molybdate.
B. Solution : In 1150 ml Distill Water, Mix step by step 490 ml conc. Nitric acid(HNo3) slowly without generating temperature. If solution temperature increased then stop adding of HNo3 & cool it.& then continue adding HNo3.
C. Molybdate Solution : Add A. Solution in to B. Solution slowly with shaking. & Filter it if nessesary.
Created by :
S.P. Shende.
(Sp Shende, spshendeg@gmail.com)
Labels :
Metallurgical Lab Formulas , Solutions preparations , Water PPM , Coke Coal, Analysis, Moisture, Volatile Meterials , Ash , Furnace Analysis ,
Keywords :
How to Calculate Manganese (Mn) ? ,
How to Calculate Manganese Oxide (MnO) ? ,
How to Calculate Silica (Si)? ,
How to Calculate Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)?
How to Calculate Iron (Fe) ? ,
How to Calculate FericOxide (FeO)?
How to Calculate (Fe2O3) ? ,
How to Calculate Phosphorus (P) ? ,
How to Calculate Carbon (C) ? ,
How to Convert Carbon (C) formula for different gms sample taken using differnt scale of Burret ? ,
How to do Ore Analysis ? ,
How to Calculate Calcium Oxide (CaO)? ,
How to Calculate Magnesium Oxide (MgO)? ,
How to find out Calcium Oxide? , and Magnesium Oxide in Ore by Loss of Ignition Method (CaO + MgO)? ,
How to Calculate CaCo3? ,
How to Calculate MgCo3? ,
How to find out furnace condition ? ,
How to find out Basicity of slag of furnace? ,
How to do COKE/COAL analysis ? ,
How to find out Moisture? ,
How to find out Volatile Meterials? ,
How to find out Ash in material ? ,
How to Calculate Coke/ Coal Moisture? ,
How to Calculate Coke/ Coal Volatile Material ? ,
How to Calculate Coke/ Coal Ash ? ,
How to Calculate Coke/ Coal FC ? ,
How to Calculate Atomic and molecular weights? ,
How to find out Normality of solution? ,
How to Calculate 1N Normality of KMNO3 by Oxalic acid Solution? ,
How to Calculate 1N Normality of KMNO3 by DiSodium Oxilate Solution? ,
How to Prepare 1N Nitric Acid(HNo3)? ,
How to Prepare 0.1N NaCo3? ,
How to Prepare 0.1 N NaOH? ,
How to Prepare 0.1N E.D.T.A ? ,
What are the Reactions in Mn titration? ,
What are the Reactions in Ore of furnace? ,
What are the Reactions in Slag of furnace ? ,
What is PPM ? ,
How to Calculate Water PPM (Part Per Million)? ,
How much powder taken for required PPM solution ? ,
prepare LAB SOLUTIONS? ,
How to make Battery acid ? ,
How to prepare Battery acid ? ,
How to prepare KmnO4 STOCK Solution? ,
How to prepare 1N Kmno3 Solution from stock solution? ,
How to prepare 0.1N K2Cr2O7 Solution? ,
How to prepare Fe Buffer Solution? ,
How to prepare HgCl2 Solution? ,
How to prepare SnCl2 Solution? ,
How to prepare Ammonium Molybdate Solution? ,
Thanks !
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